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The Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997

Sections59
1997 No. 3032

COPYRIGHT

RIGHTS IN DATABASES

The Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997

Made18th December 1997
Coming into force1st January 1998

Whereas a draft of the following Regulations has been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament:

Now, therefore, the Secretary of State, being a Minister designated for the purposes of section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 19721 in relation to measures relating to copyright2 and measures relating to the prevention of unauthorised extraction of the contents of a database and of unauthorised re-utilisation of those contents3, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 2(2) and (4) of that Act, hereby makes the following Regulations:—

PART I INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS

I11 Citation, commencement and extent

1 These Regulations may be cited as the Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997.
2 These Regulations come into force on 1st January 1998.
3 These Regulations extend to the whole of the United Kingdom.

I22 Implementation of Directive

1 These Regulations make provision for the purpose of implementing—
a Council Directive No. 96/9/EC of 11 March 19964 on the legal protection of databases, F3...
b certain obligations of the United Kingdom created by or arising under the EEA Agreement so far as relating to the implementation of that Directive , and
c an Agreement5 in the form of an exchange of letters between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on behalf of the Isle of Man and the European Community extending to the Isle of Man the legal protection of databases as provided for in Chapter III of that Directive.
2 In this Regulation “the EEA Agreement” means the Agreement on the European Economic Area signed at Oporto on 2nd May 19925, as adjusted by the Protocol signed at Brussels on 17th March 19936.

I33 Interpretation

In these Regulations “the 1988 Act” means the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 19887.

I44 Scheme of the Regulations

1 The 1988 Act is amended in accordance with the provisions of Part II of these Regulations, subject to the savings and transitional provisions in Part IV of these Regulations.
2 Part III of these Regulations has effect subject to those savings and transitional provisions.

PART II AMENDMENT OF THE COPYRIGHT, DESIGNS AND PATENTS ACT 1988

I55 Copyright in databases

In section 3(1), in the definition of “literary work”—
a in paragraph (a) after “compilation” insert “other than a database”;
b at the end of paragraph (b) leave out “and”;
c at the end of paragraph (c) insert “and (d) a database;”.

I66 Meaning of “database”

After section 3 insert—
.

I77 Meaning of “adaptation” in relation to database

In section 21 (infringement by making adaptation or act done in relation to adaptation), in subsection (3)—
a in paragraph (a), for “other than a computer program or” substitute “other than a computer program or a database, or in relation to a”, and
b after paragraph (ab) insert—
.

I88 Research

1 In section 29 (research and private study), in subsection (1), after “literary” insert “work, other than a database, or a”.
2 After subsection (1) of that section insert—
.
3 After subsection (4) of that section insert—
.

I99 Permitted acts in relation to databases

After section 50C insert—
.

I1010 Avoidance of certain terms

After section 296A insert—
.

I1111 Defined expressions

In section 179 (index of defined expressions), in the appropriate place in alphabetical order insert—
.

PART III DATABASE RIGHT

I1212 Interpretation

1 In this Part—
  • “database” has the meaning given by section 3A(1) of the 1988 Act (as inserted by Regulation 6);
  • “extraction”, in relation to any contents of a database, means the permanent or temporary transfer of those contents to another medium by any means or in any form;
  • “insubstantial”, in relation to part of the contents of a database, shall be construed subject to Regulation 16(2);
  • “investment” includes any investment, whether of financial, human or technical resources;
  • “jointly”, in relation to the making of a database, shall be construed in accordance with Regulation 14(6);
  • “lawful user”, in relation to a database, means any person who (whether under a licence to do any of the acts restricted by any database right in the database or otherwise) has a right to use the database;
  • “maker”, in relation to a database, shall be construed in accordance with Regulation 14;
  • “Marrakesh beneficiary” has the meaning given by section 296ZE(1) of the 1988 Act;
  • “national of the United Kingdom” has the meaning given by section 178 of the 1988 Act;
  • “re-utilisation”, in relation to any contents of a database, means making those contents available to the public by any means;
  • “substantial”, in relation to any investment, extraction or re-utilisation, means substantial in terms of quantity or quality or a combination of both.
2 The making of a copy of a database available for use, on terms that it will or may be returned, otherwise than for direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage, through an establishment which is accessible to the public shall not be taken for the purposes of this Part to constitute extraction or re-utilisation of the contents of the database.
3 Where the making of a copy of a database available through an establishment which is accessible to the public gives rise to a payment the amount of which does not go beyond what is necessary to cover the costs of the establishment, there is no direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage for the purposes of paragraph (2).
4 Paragraph (2) does not apply to the making of a copy of a database available for on-the-spot reference use.
5 Where a copy of a database has been sold within the EEA , the United Kingdom or the Isle of Man by, or with the consent of, the owner of the database right in the database, the further sale within the EEA , the United Kingdom or the Isle of Man of that copy shall not be taken for the purposes of this Part to constitute extraction or re-utilisation of the contents of the database.

I1313 Database right

1 A property right (“database right”) subsists, in accordance with this Part, in a database if there has been a substantial investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents of the database.
2 For the purposes of paragraph (1) it is immaterial whether or not the database or any of its contents is a copyright work, within the meaning of Part I of the 1988 Act.
3 This Regulation has effect subject to Regulation 18.

I1414 The maker of a database

1 Subject to paragraphs (2) to (4), the person who takes the initiative in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents of a database and assumes the risk of investing in that obtaining, verification or presentation shall be regarded as the maker of, and as having made, the database.
2 Where a database is made by an employee in the course of his employment, his employer shall be regarded as the maker of the database, subject to any agreement to the contrary.
3 Subject to paragraph (4), where a database is made by Her Majesty or by an officer or servant of the Crown in the course of his duties, Her Majesty shall be regarded as the maker of the database.
4 Where a database is made by or under the direction or control of the House of Commons or the House of Lords—
a the House by whom, or under whose direction or control, the database is made shall be regarded as the maker of the database, and
b if the database is made by or under the direction or control of both Houses, the two Houses shall be regarded as the joint makers of the database.
4A Where a database is made by or under the direction or control of the Scottish Parliament, the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body shall be regarded as the maker of the database.
5 For the purposes of this Part a database is made jointly if two or more persons acting together in collaboration take the initiative in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents of the database and assume the risk of investing in that obtaining, verification or presentation.
6 References in this Part to the maker of a database shall, except as otherwise provided, be construed, in relation to a database which is made jointly, as references to all the makers of the database.

I1515 First ownership of database right

The maker of a database is the first owner of database right in it.

I1616 Acts infringing database right

1 Subject to the provisions of this Part, a person infringes database right in a database if, without the consent of the owner of the right, he extracts or re-utilises all or a substantial part of the contents of the database.
2 For the purposes of this Part, the repeated and systematic extraction or re-utilisation of insubstantial parts of the contents of a database may amount to the extraction or re-utilisation of a substantial part of those contents.

I1717 Term of protection

1 Database right in a database expires at the end of the period of fifteen years from the end of the calendar year in which the making of the database was completed.
2 Where a database is made available to the public before the end of the period referred to in paragraph (1), database right in the database shall expire fifteen years from the end of the calendar year in which the database was first made available to the public.
3 Any substantial change to the contents of a database, including a substantial change resulting from the accumulation of successive additions, deletions or alterations, which would result in the database being considered to be a substantial new investment shall qualify the database resulting from that investment for its own term of protection.
4 This Regulation has effect subject to Regulation 30.

I1818 Qualification for database right

1 Database right does not subsist in a database unless, at the material time, its maker, or if it was made jointly, one or more of its makers, was—
a an individual who was a national of the United Kingdom or habitually resident within the United Kingdom,
b a body which was incorporated under the law of any part of the United Kingdom and which, at that time, satisfied one of the conditions in paragraph (2), F8...
c a partnership or other unincorporated body which was formed under the law of any part of the United Kingdom and which, at that time, satisfied the condition in paragraph (2)(a),
d an individual who was habitually resident within the Isle of Man,
e a body which was incorporated under the law of the Isle of Man and which, at that time, satisfied one of the conditions in paragraph (2A), or
f a partnership or other unincorporated body which was formed under the law of the Isle of Man and which, at that time, satisfied the condition in paragraph (2A)(a).
2 The conditions mentioned in paragraphs (1)(b) and (c) are—
a that the body has its central administration or principal place of business within the United Kingdom, or
b that the body has its registered office within the United Kingdom and the body’s operations are linked on an ongoing basis with the economy of the United Kingdom.
2A The conditions mentioned in paragraphs (1)(e) and (f) are—
a that the body has its central administration or principal place of business within the Isle of Man, or
b that the body has its registered office within the Isle of Man and the body’s operations are linked on an ongoing basis with the economy of the Isle of Man.
3 Paragraph (1) does not apply in any case falling within Regulation 14(4).
4 In this Regulation—
F33a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b “the material time” means the time when the database was made, or if the making extended over a period, a substantial part of that period.

I1919 Avoidance of certain terms affecting lawful users

1 A lawful user of a database which has been made available to the public in any manner shall be entitled to extract or re-utilise insubstantial parts of the contents of the database for any purpose.
2 Where under an agreement a person has a right to use a database, or part of a database, which has been made available to the public in any manner, any term or condition in the agreement shall be void in so far as it purports to prevent that person from extracting or re-utilising insubstantial parts of the contents of the database, or of that part of the database, for any purpose.

I2020 Exceptions to database right

1 Database right in a database which has been made available to the public in any manner is not infringed by fair dealing with a substantial part of its contents if—
a that part is extracted from the database by a person who is apart from this paragraph a lawful user of the database,
b it is extracted for the purpose of illustration for teaching or research and not for any commercial purpose, and
c the source is indicated.
2 The provisions of Schedule 1 specify other acts which may be done in relation to a database notwithstanding the existence of database right.

20A Exceptions to database right: deposit libraries

1 Database right in a database is not infringed by the copying of a work from the internet by a deposit library or person acting on its behalf if—
a the work is of a description prescribed by regulations under section 10(5) of the 2003 Act,
b its publication on the internet, or a person publishing it there, is connected with the United Kingdom in a manner so prescribed, and
c the copying is done in accordance with any conditions so prescribed.
2 Database right in a database is not infringed by the doing of anything in relation to relevant material permitted to be done under regulations under section 7 of the 2003 Act.
3 Regulations under section 44A(3) of the 1988 Act exclude the application of paragraph (2) in relation to prescribed activities in relation to relevant material as (and to the extent that) they exclude the application of section 44A(2) of that Act in relation to those activities.
4 In this Regulation—
a “the 2003 Act” means the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003;
b “deposit library” and “relevant material” have the same meaning as in section 7 of the 2003 Act.

20B Exceptions to database right: Marrakesh beneficiaries

Database right in a database is not infringed by the making of an accessible copy of a work under sections 31A, 31B or 31BA of, or paragraphs 3A, 3B or 3C of Schedule 2 to, the 1988 Act for the benefit of a Marrakesh beneficiary.

I2121 Acts permitted on assumption as to expiry of database right

1 Database right in a database is not infringed by the extraction or re-utilisation of a substantial part of the contents of the database at a time when, or in pursuance of arrangements made at a time when—
a it is not possible by reasonable inquiry to ascertain the identity of the maker, and
b it is reasonable to assume that database right has expired.
2 In the case of a database alleged to have been made jointly, paragraph (1) applies in relation to each person alleged to be one of the makers.

I22C1C3C222 Presumptions relevant to database right

1 The following presumptions apply in proceedings brought by virtue of this Part of these Regulations with respect to a database.
2 Where a name purporting to be that of the maker appeared on copies of the database as published, or on the database when it was made, the person whose name appeared shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved—
a to be the maker of the database, and
b to have made it in circumstances not falling within Regulation 14(2) to (4).
3 Where copies of the database as published bear a label or a mark stating—
a that a named person was the maker of the database, or
b that the database was first published in a specified year,
the label or mark shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated and shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is proved.
4 In the case of a database alleged to have been made jointly, paragraphs (2) and (3), so far as is applicable, apply in relation to each person alleged to be one of the makers.

I2323 Application of copyright provisions to database right

The following provisions of the 1988 Act apply in relation to database right and databases in which that right subsists as they apply in relation to copyright and copyright works—
  • sections 90 to 93 (dealing with rights in copyright works)
  • sections 96 to 102 (rights and remedies of copyright owner and exclusive licensee)
  • sections 113 and 114 (supplementary provisions relating to delivery up)
  • section 115 (jurisdiction of county court and sheriff court).

I2424 Licensing of database right

The provisions of Schedule 2 have effect with respect to the licensing of database right.

I2525 Database right: jurisdiction of Copyright Tribunal

1 The Copyright Tribunal has jurisdiction under this Part to hear and determine proceedings under the following provisions of Schedule 2—
a paragraph 3, 4 or 5 (reference of licensing scheme);
b paragraph 6 or 7 (application with respect to licence under licensing scheme);
c paragraph 10, 11 or 12 (reference or application with respect to licence by licensing body).
2 The provisions of Chapter VIII of Part I of the 1988 Act (general provisions relating to the Copyright Tribunal) apply in relation to the Tribunal when exercising any jurisdiction under this Part.
3 Provision shall be made by rules under section 150 of the 1988 Act prohibiting the Tribunal from entertaining a reference under paragraph 3, 4 or 5 of Schedule 2 (reference of licensing scheme) by a representative organisation unless the Tribunal is satisfied that the organisation is reasonably representative of the class of persons which it claims to represent.

PART IV SAVINGS AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

I2626 Introductory

Expressions used in this Part which are defined for the purposes of Part I of the 1988 Act have the same meaning as in that Part.

I2727 General rule

Subject to Regulations 28 and 29, these Regulations apply to databases made before or after 1st January 1998.

I2828 General savings

1 Nothing in these Regulations affects any agreement made before 1st January 1998.
2 Nothing in these Regulations affects any agreement made after 31st December 1997 and before 1st November 2003 in so far as the effect would only arise as a result of the amendment of these Regulations by the Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003.
3 No act done in respect of any database, in which database right subsists by virtue of the maker of the database (or one or more of its makers) falling within one of the provisions contained in Regulations 14(4) and 18(1)(a), (b) and (c),—
a before 1st January 1998, or
b after 31st December 1997, in pursuance of an agreement made before 1st January 1998,
shall be regarded as an infringement of database right in the database.
4 No act done in respect of any database, in which database right subsists by virtue of its maker (or one or more of its makers) falling within one of the provisions contained in Regulation 18(1)(d), (e) and (f),—
a before 1st November 2003, or
b after 31st October 2003, in pursuance of an agreement made before 1st November 2003,
shall be regarded as an infringement of database right in the database.

I2929 Saving for copyright in certain existing databases

1 Where a database—
a was created on or before 27th March 1996, and
b is a copyright work immediately before 1st January 1998,
copyright shall continue to subsist in the database for the remainder of its copyright term.
2 In this Regulation “copyright term” means the period of the duration of copyright under section 12 of the 1988 Act (duration of copyright in literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works).

I3030 Database right: term applicable to certain existing databases

Where—
a the making of any database is completed on or after 1st January 1983, and before 1st January 1998, and
b either—
i the database is a database in which database right subsists by virtue of the maker of the database (or one or more of its makers) falling within one of the provisions contained in Regulations 14(4) and 18(1)(a), (b) and (c) and database right begins to subsist in the database on 1st January 1998, or
ii the database is a database in which database right subsists by virtue of its maker (or one or more of its makers) falling within one of the provisions contained in Regulation 18(1)(d), (e) and (f) and database right begins to subsist in the database on 1st November 2003,
then database right shall subsist in the database for a period of fifteen years beginning with 1st January 1998.

SCHEDULE 1 

EXCEPTIONS TO DATABASE RIGHT FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Regulation 20(2).

Parliamentary and judicial proceedings

I311 Database right in a database is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of parliamentary or judicial proceedings or for the purposes of reporting such proceedings.

Royal Commissions and statutory inquiries

I322
1 Database right in a database is not infringed by anything done for—
a the purposes of the proceedings of a Royal Commission or statutory inquiry, or
b the purpose of reporting any such proceedings held in public.
2 Database right in a database is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies of the report of a Royal Commission or statutory inquiry containing the contents of the database.
3 In this paragraph “Royal Commission” and “statutory inquiry” have the same meaning as in section 46 of the 1988 Act.

Material open to public inspection or on official register

I333
1 Where the contents of a database are open to public inspection pursuant to a statutory requirement, or are on a statutory register, database right in the database is not infringed by the extraction of all or a substantial part of the contents containing factual information of any description, by or with the authority of the appropriate person, for a purpose which does not involve re-utilisation of all or a substantial part of the contents.
2 Where the contents of a database are open to public inspection pursuant to a statutory requirement, database right in the database is not infringed by the extraction or re-utilisation of all or a substantial part of the contents, by or with the authority of the appropriate person, for the purpose of enabling the contents to be inspected at a more convenient time or place or otherwise facilitating the exercise of any right for the purpose of which the requirement is imposed.
3 Where the contents of a database which is open to public inspection pursuant to a statutory requirement, or which is on a statutory register, contain information about matters of general scientific, technical, commercial or economic interest, database right in the database is not infringed by the extraction or re-utilisation of all or a substantial part of the contents, by or with the authority of the appropriate person, for the purpose of disseminating that information.
4 In this paragraph—
  • “appropriate person” means the person required to make the contents of the database open to public inspection or, as the case may be, the person maintaining the register;
  • “statutory register” means a register maintained in pursuance of a statutory requirement; and
  • “statutory requirement” means a requirement imposed by provision made by or under an enactment.
5 In sub-paragraph (4) the reference to an enactment includes any enactment contained in Part 3 of the Regulatory Reform (Scotland) Act 2014.

Material communicated to the Crown in the course of public business

I344
1 This paragraph applies where the contents of a database have in the course of public business been communicated to the Crown for any purpose, by or with the licence of the owner of the database right and a document or other material thing recording or embodying the contents of the database is owned by or in the custody or control of the Crown.
2 The Crown may, for the purpose for which the contents of the database were communicated to it, or any related purpose which could reasonably have been anticipated by the owner of the database right in the database, extract or re-utilise all or a substantial part of the contents without infringing database right in the database.
3 The Crown may not re-utilise the contents of a database by virtue of this paragraph if the contents have previously been published otherwise than by virtue of this paragraph.
4 In sub-paragraph (1) “public business” includes any activity carried on by the Crown.
5 This paragraph has effect subject to any agreement to the contrary between the Crown and the owner of the database right in the database.

Public records

I355 The contents of a database which are comprised in public records within the meaning of the Public Records Act 19588, the Public Records (Scotland) Act 19379 or the Public Records Act (Northern Ireland) 192310 which are open to public inspection in pursuance of that Act, may be re-utilised by or with the authority of any officer appointed under that Act, without infringement of database right in the database.

Acts done under statutory authority

I36C46
1 Where the doing of a particular act is specifically authorised by an Act of Parliament, whenever passed, then, unless the Act provides otherwise, the doing of that act does not infringe database right in a database.
2 Sub-paragraph (1) applies in relation to an enactment contained in Northern Ireland legislation as it applies in relation to an Act of Parliament.
2A Sub-paragraph (1) applies in relation to an enactment contained in Part 3 of the Regulatory Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 as it applies in relation to an Act of Parliament.
3 Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as excluding any defence of statutory authority otherwise available under or by virtue of any enactment or other statutory provision.

SCHEDULE 2 

LICENSING OF DATABASE RIGHT

Regulation 24.

Licensing scheme and licensing bodies

I371
1 In this Schedule a “licensing scheme” means a scheme setting out—
a the classes of case in which the operator of the scheme, or the person on whose behalf he acts, is willing to grant database right licences, and
b the terms on which licences would be granted in those classes of case;
and for this purpose a “scheme” includes anything in the nature of a scheme, whether described as a scheme or as a tariff or by any other name.
2 In this Schedule a “licensing body” means a society or other organisation which has as its main object, or one of its main objects, the negotiating or granting, whether as owner or prospective owner of a database right or as agent for him, of database right licences, and whose objects include the granting of licences covering the databases of more than one maker.
3 In this paragraph “database right licences” means licences to do, or authorise the doing of, any of the things for which consent is required under Regulation 16.
I382 Paragraphs 3 to 8 apply to licensing schemes which are operated by licensing bodies and cover databases of more than one maker so far as they relate to licences for extracting or re-utilising all or a substantial part of the contents of a database; and references in those paragraphs to a licensing scheme shall be construed accordingly.

Reference of proposed licensing scheme to tribunal

I393
1 The terms of a licensing scheme proposed to be operated by a licensing body may be referred to the Copyright Tribunal by an organisation claiming to be representative of persons claiming that they require licences in cases of a description to which the scheme would apply, either generally or in relation to any description of case.
2 The Tribunal shall first decide whether to entertain the reference, and may decline to do so on the ground that the reference is premature.
3 If the Tribunal decides to entertain the reference it shall consider the matter referred and make such order, either confirming or varying the proposed scheme, either generally or so far as it relates to cases of the description to which the reference relates, as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.
4 The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Reference of licensing scheme to tribunal

I404
1 If while a licensing scheme is in operation a dispute arises between the operator of the scheme and—
a a person claiming that he requires a licence in a case of a description to which the scheme applies, or
b an organisation claiming to be representative of such persons,
that person or organisation may refer the scheme to the Copyright Tribunal in so far as it relates to cases of that description.
2 A scheme which has been referred to the Tribunal under this paragraph shall remain in operation until proceedings on the reference are concluded.
3 The Tribunal shall consider the matter in dispute and make such order, either confirming or varying the scheme so far as it relates to cases of the description to which the reference relates, as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.
4 The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Further reference of scheme to tribunal

I415
1 Where the Copyright Tribunal has on a previous reference of a licensing scheme under paragraph 3 or 4, or under this paragraph, made an order with respect to the scheme, then, while the order remains in force—
a the operator of the scheme,
b a person claiming that he requires a licence in a case of the description to which the order applies, or
c an organisation claiming to be representative of such persons,
may refer the scheme again to the Tribunal so far as it relates to cases of that description.
2 A licensing scheme shall not, except with the special leave of the Tribunal, be referred again to the Tribunal in respect of the same description of cases—
a within twelve months from the date of the order on the previous reference, or
b if the order was made so as to be in force for 15 months or less, until the last three months before the expiry of the order.
3 A scheme which has been referred to the Tribunal under this section shall remain in operation until proceedings on the reference are concluded.
4 The Tribunal shall consider the matter in dispute and make such order, either confirming, varying or further varying the scheme so far as it relates to cases of the description to which the reference relates, as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.
5 The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Application for grant of licence in connection with licensing scheme

I426
1 A person who claims, in a case covered by a licensing scheme, that the operator of the scheme has refused to grant him or procure the grant to him of a licence in accordance with the scheme, or has failed to do so within a reasonable time after being asked, may apply to the Copyright Tribunal.
2 A person who claims, in a case excluded from a licensing scheme, that the operator of the scheme either—
a has refused to grant him a licence or procure the grant to him of a licence, or has failed to do so within a reasonable time of being asked, and that in the circumstances it is unreasonable that a licence should not be granted, or
b proposes terms for a licence which are unreasonable,
may apply to the Copyright Tribunal.
3 A case shall be regarded as excluded from a licensing scheme for the purposes of sub-paragraph (2) if—
a the scheme provides for the grant of licences subject to terms excepting matters from the licence and the case falls within such an exception, or
b the case is so similar to those in which licences are granted under the scheme that it is unreasonable that it should not be dealt with in the same way.
4 If the Tribunal is satisfied that the claim is well-founded, it shall make an order declaring that, in respect of the matters specified in the order, the applicant is entitled to a licence on such terms as the Tribunal may determine to be applicable in accordance with the scheme or, as the case may be, to be reasonable in the circumstances.
5 The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Application for review of order as to entitlement to licence

I437
1 Where the Copyright Tribunal has made an order under paragraph 6 that a person is entitled to a licence under a licensing scheme, the operator of the scheme or the original applicant may apply to the Tribunal to review its order.
2 An application shall not be made, except with the special leave of the Tribunal—
a within twelve months from the date of the order, or of the decision on a previous application under this section, or
b if the order was made so as to be in force for 15 months or less, or as a result of the decision on a previous application under this section is due to expire within 15 months of that decision, until the last three months before the expiry date.
3 The Tribunal shall on an application for review confirm or vary its order as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable having regard to the terms applicable in accordance with the licensing scheme or, as the case may be, the circumstances of the case.

Effect of order of tribunal as to licensing scheme

I448
1 A licensing scheme which has been confirmed or varied by the Copyright Tribunal—
a under paragraph 3 (reference of terms of proposed scheme), or
b under paragraph 4 or 5 (reference of existing scheme to Tribunal),
shall be in force or, as the case may be, remain in operation, so far as it relates to the description of case in respect of which the order was made, so long as the order remains in force.
2 While the order is in force a person who in a case of a class to which the order applies—
a pays to the operator of the scheme any charges payable under the scheme in respect of a licence covering the case in question or, if the amount cannot be ascertained, gives an undertaking to the operator to pay them when ascertained, and
b complies with the other terms applicable to such a licence under the scheme,
shall be in the same position as regards infringement of database right as if he had at all material times been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the database right in question in accordance with the scheme.
3 The Tribunal may direct that the order, so far as it varies the amount of charges payable, has effect from a date before that on which it is made, but not earlier than the date on which the reference was made or, if later, on which the scheme came into operation.
  • If such a direction is made—
    1. any necessary repayments, or further payments, shall be made in respect of charges already paid, and
    2. the reference in sub-paragraph (2)(a) to the charges payable under the scheme shall be construed as a reference to the charges so payable by virtue of the order.
  • No such direction may be made where sub-paragraph (4) below applies.
4 Where the Tribunal has made an order under paragraph 6 (order as to entitlement to licence under licensing scheme) and the order remains in force, the person in whose favour the order is made shall if he—
a pays to the operator of the scheme any charges payable in accordance with the order or, if the amount cannot be ascertained, gives an undertaking to pay the charges when ascertained, and
b complies with the other terms specified in the order,
be in the same position as regards infringement of database right as if he had at all material times been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the database right in question on the terms specified in the order.

References and applications with respect to licences by licensing bodies

I459 Paragraphs 10 to 13 (references and applications with respect to licensing by licensing bodies) apply to licences relating to database right which cover databases of more than one maker granted by a licensing body otherwise than in pursuance of a licensing scheme, so far as the licences authorise extracting or re-utilising all or a substantial part of the contents of a database; and references in those paragraphs to a licence shall be construed accordingly.

Reference to tribunal of proposed licence

I4610
1 The terms on which a licensing body proposes to grant a licence may be referred to the Copyright Tribunal by the prospective licensee.
2 The Tribunal shall first decide whether to entertain the reference, and may decline to do so on the ground that the reference is premature.
3 If the Tribunal decides to entertain the reference it shall consider the terms of the proposed licence and make such order, either confirming or varying the terms, as it may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.
4 The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Reference to tribunal of expiring licence

I4711
1 A licensee under a licence which is due to expire, by effluxion of time or as a result of notice given by the licensing body, may apply to the Copyright Tribunal on the ground that it is unreasonable in the circumstances that the licence should cease to be in force.
2 Such an application may not be made until the last three months before the licence is due to expire.
3 A licence in respect of which a reference has been made to the Tribunal shall remain in operation until proceedings on the reference are concluded.
4 If the Tribunal finds the application well-founded, it shall make an order declaring that the licensee shall continue to be entitled to the benefit of the licence on such terms as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.
5 An order of the Tribunal under this section may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may determine.

Application for review of order as to licence

I4812
1 Where the Copyright Tribunal has made an order under paragraph 10 or 11, the licensing body or the person entitled to the benefit of the order may apply to the Tribunal to review its order.
2 An application shall not be made, except with the special leave of the Tribunal—
a within twelve months from the date of the order or of the decision on a previous application under this paragraph, or
b if the order was made so as to be in force for 15 months or less, or as a result of the decision on a previous application under this section is due to expire within 15 months of that decision, until the last three months before the expiry date.
3 The Tribunal shall on an application for review confirm or vary its order as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

Effect of order of tribunal as to licence

I4913
1 Where the Copyright Tribunal has made an order under paragraph 10 or 11 and the order remains in force, the person entitled to the benefit of the order shall if he—
a pays to the licensing body any charges payable in accordance with the order or, if the amount cannot be ascertained, gives an undertaking to pay the charges when ascertained, and
b complies with the other terms specified in the order,
be in the same position as regards infringement of database right as if he had at all material times been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the database right in question on the terms specified in the order.
2 The benefit of the order may be assigned—
a in the case of an order under paragraph 10, if assignment is not prohibited under the terms of the Tribunal’s order; and
b in the case of an order under paragraph 11, if assignment was not prohibited under the terms of the original licence.
3 The Tribunal may direct that an order under paragraph 10 or 11, or an order under paragraph 12 varying such an order, so far as it varies the amount of charges payable, has effect from a date before that on which it is made, but not earlier than the date on which the reference or application was made or, if later, on which the licence was granted or, as the case may be, was due to expire.
  • If such a direction is made—
    1. any necessary repayments, or further payments, shall be made in respect of charges already paid, and
    2. the reference in sub-paragraph (1)(a) to the charges payable in accordance with the order shall be construed, where the order is varied by a later order, as a reference to the charges so payable by virtue of the later order.

General considerations: unreasonable discrimination

I5014 In determining what is reasonable on a reference or application under this Schedule relating to a licensing scheme or licence, the Copyright Tribunal shall have regard to—
a the availability of other schemes, or the granting of other licences, to other persons in similar circumstances, and
b the terms of those schemes or licences,
and shall exercise its powers so as to secure that there is no unreasonable discrimination between licensees, or prospective licensees, under the scheme or licence to which the reference or application relates and licensees under other schemes operated by, or other licences granted by, the same person.

Powers exercisable in consequence of competition report

I5115
1 Sub-paragraph (1A) applies where whatever needs to be remedied, mitigated or prevented by the Secretary of State or (as the case may be) the Competition and Markets Authority under section 12(5) of the Competition Act 1980 or section 41(2), 55(2), 66(6), 75(2), 83(2), 138(2), 147(2) , 147A(2) or 160(2) of, or paragraph 5(2) or 10(2) of Schedule 7 to, the Enterprise Act 2002 (powers to take remedial action following references to the chair of the Competition and Markets Authority for the constitution of a group in connection with public bodies and certain other persons, mergers or market investigations) or article 12(7) of, or paragraph 5(2) or 10(2) of Schedule 2 to, the Enterprise Act 2002 (Protection of Legitimate Interests) Order 2003 (power to take remedial action following references to the chair of the Competition and Markets Authority for the constitution of a group in connection with European mergers) consists of or includes—
a conditions in licences granted by the owner of database right in a database restricting the use of the database by the licensee or the right of the owner of the database right to grant other licences; or
b a refusal of an owner of database right to grant licences on reasonable terms.
1A The powers conferred by Schedule 8 to the Enterprise Act 2002 include power to cancel or modify those conditions and, instead or in addition, to provide that licences in respect of the database right shall be available as of right.
2 The references to anything permitted by Schedule 8 to the Enterprise Act 2002 in section 12(5A) of the Competition Act 1980 and in sections 75(4)(a), 83(4)(a), 84(2)(a), 89(1), 160(4)(a), 161(3)(a) and 164(1) of, and paragraphs 5, 10 and 11 of Schedule 7 to, the Act of 2002 and paragraphs 5, 10 and 11 of Schedule 2 to the Enterprise Act 2002 (Protection of Legitimate Interests) Order 2003 shall be construed accordingly.
3 The terms of a licence available by virtue of this paragraph shall, in default of agreement, be settled by the Copyright Tribunal on an application by the person requiring the licence; and terms so settled shall authorise the licensee to do everything in respect of which a licence is so available.
4 Where the terms of a licence are settled by the Tribunal, the licence has effect from the date on which the application to the Tribunal was made.

Footnotes

  1. I1
    Reg. 1 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  2. I2
    Reg. 2 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  3. I3
    Reg. 3 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  4. I4
    Reg. 4 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  5. I5
    Reg. 5 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  6. I6
    Reg. 6 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  7. I7
    Reg. 7 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  8. I8
    Reg. 8 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  9. I9
    Reg. 9 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  10. I10
    Reg. 10 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  11. I11
    Reg. 11 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  12. I12
    Reg. 12 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  13. I13
    Reg. 13 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  14. I14
    Reg. 14 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  15. I15
    Reg. 15 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  16. I16
    Reg. 16 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  17. I17
    Reg. 17 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  18. I18
    Reg. 18 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  19. I19
    Reg. 19 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  20. I20
    Reg. 20 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  21. I21
    Reg. 21 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  22. I22
    Reg. 22 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  23. I23
    Reg. 23 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  24. I24
    Reg. 24 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  25. I25
    Reg. 25 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  26. I26
    Reg. 26 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  27. I27
    Reg. 27 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  28. I28
    Reg. 28 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  29. I29
    Reg. 29 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  30. I30
    Reg. 30 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  31. I31
    Sch. 1 para. 1 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  32. I32
    Sch. 1 para. 2 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  33. I33
    Sch. 1 para. 3 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  34. I34
    Sch. 1 para. 4 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  35. I35
    Sch. 1 para. 5 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  36. I36
    Sch. 1 para. 6 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  37. I37
    Sch. 2 para. 1 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  38. I38
    Sch. 2 para. 2 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  39. I39
    Sch. 2 para. 3 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  40. I40
    Sch. 2 para. 4 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  41. I41
    Sch. 2 para. 5 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  42. I42
    Sch. 2 para. 6 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  43. I43
    Sch. 2 para. 7 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  44. I44
    Sch. 2 para. 8 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  45. I45
    Sch. 2 para. 9 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  46. I46
    Sch. 2 para. 10 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  47. I47
    Sch. 2 para. 11 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  48. I48
    Sch. 2 para. 12 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  49. I49
    Sch. 2 para. 13 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  50. I50
    Sch. 2 para. 14 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  51. I51
    Sch. 2 para. 15 in force at 1.1.1998, see reg. 1(2)
  52. F1
    Reg. 14(4A) inserted (6.5.1999) by The Scotland Act 1998 (Consequential Modifications) (No.1) Order 1999 (S.I. 1999/1042), arts. 1(2)(a), 3, Sch. 1 para. 26
  53. F2
    Sch. 2 para. 15(1)-(2) substituted for Sch. 2 para. 15(1)(2) (20.6.2003) by The Enterprise Act 2002 (Consequential and Supplemental Provisions) Order 2003 (S.I. 2003/1398), art. 1, Sch. para. 31(2) (with art. 3(1))
  54. C1
    Reg. 22 applied (31.10.2003) by 1988 c. 48, s. 296ZA(7) (as substituted by The Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2498), regs. 1, 24 (with regs. 31-40))
  55. C2
    Reg. 22 applied (31.10.2003) by 1988 c. 48, s. 296ZD(9) (as substituted by The Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2498), regs. 1, 24 (with regs. 31-40))
  56. C3
    Reg. 22 applied (31.10.2003) by 1988 c. 48, s. 296ZG(9) (as inserted by The Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2498), regs. 1, 25 (with regs. 31-40))
  57. F3
    Word in reg. 2(1)(a) omitted (1.11.2003) by virtue of The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 3(a)
  58. F4
    Reg. 2(1)(c) inserted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 3(c)
  59. F5
    Word in reg. 2(1)(b) substituted for full stop (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 3(b)
  60. F6
    Words in reg. 12(5) inserted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 4
  61. F7
    Reg. 18(2A) inserted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 5(d)
  62. F8
    Word in reg. 18(1)(b) omitted (1.11.2003) by virtue of The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 5(a)
  63. F9
    Reg. 18(1)(d)-(f) inserted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 5(c)
  64. F10
    Reg. 18(1)(c): comma substituted for full stop (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 5(b)
  65. F11
    Reg. 26 substituted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 6
  66. F12
    Words in reg. 27 substituted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 7
  67. F13
    Reg. 28 substituted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 8
  68. F14
    Words in reg. 29 substituted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 9
  69. F15
    Reg. 30 substituted (1.11.2003) by The Copyright and Rights in Databases (Amendment) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 2003/2501), regs. 1(2), 10
  70. F16
    Reg. 20A inserted (30.10.2003 for specified purposes, 1.2.2004 in so far as not already in force) by Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 (c. 28), ss. 8(2), 16(1) (with s. 16(4)); S.I. 2004/130, art. 2
  71. C4
    Sch. 1 para. 6 applied by 2000 c. 36, s. 80(3) (as added (1.1.2005) by The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004/3089), arts. 1, 3(3))
  72. F17
    Reg. 23 substituted (29.4.2006) by The Intellectual Property (Enforcement, etc.) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1028), reg. 1, Sch. 3 para. 6
  73. F18
    Word in Sch. 2 para. 15 substituted (1.4.2014) by The Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (Competition) (Consequential, Transitional and Saving Provisions) (No. 2) Order 2014 (S.I. 2014/549), art. 1(1), Sch. 1 para. 27(a) (with art. 3)
  74. F19
    Words in Sch. 2 para. 15 inserted (1.4.2014) by The Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (Competition) (Consequential, Transitional and Saving Provisions) (No. 2) Order 2014 (S.I. 2014/549), art. 1(1), Sch. 1 para. 27(b) (with art. 3)
  75. F20
    Words in Sch. 2 para. 15 substituted (1.4.2014) by virtue of The Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (Competition) (Consequential, Transitional and Saving Provisions) (No. 2) Order 2014 (S.I. 2014/549), art. 1(1), Sch. 1 para. 27(c) (with art. 3)
  76. F21
    Sch. 1 para. 3(5) inserted (26.2.2015) by The Regulatory Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2015 (S.I. 2015/374), arts. 1(1), 10(2)
  77. F22
    Sch. 1 para. 6(2A) inserted (26.2.2015) by The Regulatory Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2015 (S.I. 2015/374), arts. 1(1), 10(3)
  78. F23
    Words in Sch. 1 para. 6(3) inserted (26.2.2015) by The Regulatory Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 (Consequential Modifications) Order 2015 (S.I. 2015/374), arts. 1(1), 10(4)
  79. F24
    Reg. 20B inserted (11.10.2018) by The Copyright and Related Rights (Marrakesh Treaty etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/995), regs. 1(2), 19
  80. F25
    Words in reg. 12 inserted (11.10.2018) by The Copyright and Related Rights (Marrakesh Treaty etc.) (Amendment) Regulations 2018 (S.I. 2018/995), regs. 1(2), 18
  81. F26
    Words in reg. 12(5) inserted (31.12.2020) by The Intellectual Property (Exhaustion of Rights) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/265), regs. 1, 7; 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)
  82. F27
    Words in reg. 12(1) inserted (31.12.2020) by The Intellectual Property (Copyright and Related Rights) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/605), regs. 1(2), 28(2) (with reg. 38) (as amended by S.I. 2020/1050, regs. 1(2), 4); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)
  83. F28
    Words in reg. 18(1)(b) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Intellectual Property (Copyright and Related Rights) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/605), regs. 1(2), 28(3)(a)(iii) (with reg. 38) (as amended by S.I. 2020/1050, regs. 1(2), 4); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)
  84. F29
    Words in reg. 18(1)(c) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Intellectual Property (Copyright and Related Rights) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/605), regs. 1(2), 28(3)(a)(iii) (with reg. 38) (as amended by S.I. 2020/1050, regs. 1(2), 4); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)
  85. F30
    Words in reg. 18(1)(a) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Intellectual Property (Copyright and Related Rights) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/605), regs. 1(2), 28(3)(a)(ii) (with reg. 38) (as amended by S.I. 2020/1050, regs. 1(2), 4); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)
  86. F31
    Words in reg. 18(1) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Intellectual Property (Copyright and Related Rights) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/605), regs. 1(2), 28(3)(a)(i) (with reg. 38) (as amended by S.I. 2020/1050, regs. 1(2), 4); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)
  87. F32
    Words in reg. 18(2) substituted (31.12.2020) by The Intellectual Property (Copyright and Related Rights) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/605), regs. 1(2), 28(3)(b) (with reg. 38) (as amended by S.I. 2020/1050, regs. 1(2), 4); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)
  88. F33
    Reg. 18(4)(a) omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Intellectual Property (Copyright and Related Rights) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/605), regs. 1(2), 28(3)(c) (with reg. 38) (as amended by S.I. 2020/1050, regs. 1(2), 4); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)
  89. 1
    1972 c. 68; by virtue of the amendment of section 1(2) of that Act by section 1 of the European Economic Area Act 1993 (c. 51) regulations may be made under section 2(2) to implement obligations of the United Kingdom arising under the EEA Agreement.
  90. 2
    S.I. 1993/595.
  91. 3
    S.I. 1996/3155.
  92. 4
    O.J. No. L77, 27.3.96 p.20.
  93. 5
    Cm 2073.
  94. 6
    Cm 2183.
  95. 7
    1988 c. 48.
  96. 8
    1958 c. 51.
  97. 9
    1937 c. 43.
  98. 10
    1923 c. 20 (N.I.).